Climate as complex networks

The field of Complex Networks has emerged as an important area of science to generate novel insights into nature of complex systems. The application of the theory to Climate Science is a young and emerging field. , , , To identify and analyze patterns in global climate, scientists model the climate data as Complex Networks.

Unlike most of the real-world networks in which nodes and edges are well defined, nodes in climate networks are identified with the spatial grid points of underlying global climate data set, which is defined arbitrarily and can be represented at various resolutions. Two nodes are connected by an edge depending on the degree of statistical dependence between corresponding pairs of time-series taken from climate data, on the basis of similarity shared in climatic variability.,, The climate network approach enables novel insights into the dynamics of the climate system over many spatial scales., ,

Construction of Climate Networks

Depending upon the choice of nodes and/or edges, climate networks may take many different forms, shapes, sizes and complexities. Tsonis et al introduced the field of complex networks to climate. In their model, the nodes for the network were constituted by a single variable (500 hPa) from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis datasets. In order to estimate the edges between nodes, correlation coefficient at zero time lag between all possible pairs of nodes was estimated. A pair of nodes was considered to be connected, if their correlation coefficient is above a threshold of 0.5.

Climate categories in viticulture

In viticulture, the climates of wine regions are categorised based on the overall characteristics of the area's climate during the growing season. While variations in macroclimate are acknowledged, the climates of most wine regions are categorised (somewhat loosely based on the Köppen climate classification) as being part of a Mediterranean (for example Tuscany), maritime (ex: Bordeaux) or continental climate (ex: Columbia Valley). The majority of the world's premium wine production takes place in one of these three climate categories in locations between the 30th parallel and 50th parallel in both the northern and southern hemisphere. While viticulture does exist in some tropical climates, most notably Brazil, the amount of quality wine production in those areas is so small that the climate effect has not been as extensively studied as other categories.

Influence of climate on viticulture

Beyond establishing whether or not viticulture can even be sustained in an area, the climatic influences of a particular area goes a long way in influencing the type of grape varieties grown in a region and the type of viticultural practices that will be used. The presence of adequate sun, heat and water are all vital to the healthy growth and development of grapevines during the growing season. Additionally, continuing research has shed more light on the influence of dormancy that occurs after harvest when the grapevine essentially shuts down and reserves its energy for the beginning of the next year's growing cycle.

Changes (Jarrett album)

Changes is a jazz album released by Keith Jarrett, Jack DeJohnette and Gary Peacock in 1984. This group subsequently became known as the "Standards Trio". The album features improvised compositions recorded at the same sessions as the two volumes released as Standards. In 2008 the three albums were collected into a boxed set, Setting Standards: New York Sessions.

Background

The trio of Keith Jarrett, Gary Peacock and Jack DeJohnette originally worked together on a 1977 album headline by Peacock, Tales of Another, coming back together in 1983 when producer Manfred Eicher proposed a trio album to Jarrett. The three joined in a studio in Manhattan, New York for a 1½ day session during which they recorded enough material for three albums, the two Standards volumes and Changes without rehearsing or pre-planning the playlist.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars stating "Unlike the other two Keith Jarrett trio recordings from January 1983, this collaboration with bassist Gary Peacock and drummer Jack DeJohnette does not feature standards. The trio performs the 30-minute "Flying" and a 6-minute "Prism," both of them Jarrett originals. "Flying," which has several sections, keeps one's interest throughout while the more concise "Prism" has a beautiful melody. It is a nice change to hear Jarrett (who normally plays unaccompanied) interacting with a trio of superb players.".

Changes (For the Fallen Dreams album)

Changes is the debut album from metalcore band For the Fallen Dreams. The album was released through Rise Records on January 8, 2008.

Track list

Personnel

References

Changes (Gareth Gates song)

"Changes" is the first single taken from Gareth Gates' third studio album, Pictures of the Other Side. It was released on 9 April 2007 and was his first commercial single since "Say It Isn't So" in 2003. The single charted at No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart but the following week dropped out of the top 40, breaking his streak of top ten hits.

The music video for "Changes" is directed by Andy Hylton.

Track listing

Music Reviews

In the chart commentary in Yahoo Music UK & Ireland by James Masterton, he rated that "Changes" is a fascinating single certainly. Meanwhile, the Sun stated that "his voice sounds good on the ballad, which washes over the eardrums very pleasantly".

Notes

External links